The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. 2. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT?
Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment.
PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep.
PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Delusions. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. How does hypnosis work? Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt.
Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. 23. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep.
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